To actually address your question most “guides” I have seen that try to break it down into how much per component basically have me feeling you are in the ballpark. My vinyl set up breaks down to a similar ratio re expenditure and a few friends of mine with good vinyl rigs have followed a similar balance.
Where to put any extra emphasis is something you will get a myriad of answers to. Decks, tonearms and carts have so many variables to them you have to allow for some wiggle room especially if you are mixing and matching. Some carts may not pair well with some tonearms and your phono amp capabilities may limit your cart options as well.
Its just like with anything in audio - you have basic gear that could sound good but the truly good stuff will cost you. My $500 phono was OK, my more expensive one is completely effortless and makes the $500 sound pathetic.
Within the price options you have listed you have an extremely wide range of options available, which is nice but can lead to madness. Start with a deck/tonearm option then see what carts pair well then see if that cart can be run well by the phono amp you may want, then see if you can find reviews of how it all may sound.
MC carts are generally better than MM but there are some good MM. There are also subsets within these options as well, MC carts with high or low options, moving iron, etc. Lots to explore. An added factor is a lot of things just aren’t in stock, especially with carts.
With some careful planning and research you should be able to create a really nice vinyl rig.